Biotop des Jahres ist die Obstwiese.
Biotop des Jahres ist die Obstwiese.
Egal ob Äpfel, Kirschen oder Erdbeeren: Viele Hobbygärtner*innen wollen in ihrem Garten Obstsorten anbauen und hoffen dabei auf reichliche Ernte. Doch das ist gar nicht so leicht. Diese Broschüre bietet umfassende Informationen zum Thema Schadursachen im Obstgarten.
Das Projekt "B 2.2: Lateral water flow and transport of agrochemicals - Phase 2" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Bodenkunde und Standortslehre, Fachgebiet Biogeophysik durchgeführt. In the mountainous regions of Northern Thailand land use has changed significantly in the last decades. Traditional shifting cultivation has been transformed into intensive agricultural systems with permanent cropping and no or short fallow periods. This change in land use has been accompanied by an increased input of agrochemicals (e.g. pesticides). Particularly in sloped areas agrochemicals may be lost to the streams by lateral surface or subsurface flow and then transported to the lowlands. Because there the water from the highlands is used for household consumption, irrigation and other purposes agrochemicals may pose a risk to the local drinking water supply and human health. Subproject B2.2 aims at measuring and modeling water flow and agrochemical transport at the hillslope scale. Special emphasis will be put on lateral surface and subsur-face water flow and solute transport phenomena. Modeling approaches will use the results of the subprojects B1 (water) and B2 (solutes) obtained during the first phase of the SFB 564. Additional micro-trench experiments with nonsorbing tracers and agrochemicals will be carried out to identify the mechanisms of lateral transport. In complementary lab experiments, we will investigate agrochemical sorption-desorption and degradation. To assess the integral agrochemical loss from the orchard along lateral pathways and to gain independent data for model validation, the stream will be equipped with two measuring flumes, which will be sampled depending on the discharge in high temporal resolution.
In Ergänzung zu einer etwa 20-seitigen kostenlosen Broschüre “Berliner Pflanzen – Obstanbau im Garten” bietet das online-Handbuch umfassende Informationen zum Thema Schadursachen im Obstgarten. Hier finden Sie Hinweise zur Bestimmung von belebten und unbelebten Schadursachen und mögliche Gegenmaßnahmen. Dabei haben vorbeugende Maßnahmen und solche, die sich biologischer, biotechnischer oder mechanischer Methoden bedienen, Vorrang. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf der Förderung heimischer Nützlinge. Robuste widerstandsfähige Obstsorten werden genannt und weiterführende Literatur zum Thema. Das Handbuch gliedert sich in 9 thematisch strukturierte Kapitel. Diese behandeln folgende Teilbereiche:
Liebe Saarländerinnen und Saarländer, wer kennt sie noch die guten alten Apfelsorten? Alkmene, Renette, Kaiser Wilhelm, Trierer Weinapfel, Namen mit langer Geschichte. Sie spiegeln die Vielfalt der Apfelsorten wider. Bis zum Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts gab es noch rund 1.000 Apfelsorten, die vor allem auf den Streuobstwiesen rund um die Dörfer angebaut wurden. Die Bewirtschaftung von Obstwiesen hat in unserer Region eine lange Tradition. Bis ins vorige Jahrhundert hinein dienten sie der Bevölkerung als wichtiger Lieferant von Früchten aller Obstarten. Nach wie vor prägen sie das Bild der bäuerlichen Kulturlandschaft. Die ökologische Bedeutung der Obstwiesen für unsere Region und ihr kulturhistorischer Wert sind sehr groß. Allerdings sind viele der früher weit verbreiteten Apfelsorten mittlerweile leider verschollen oder drohen auszusterben. Die genetische Vielfalt der saarländischen Streuobstwiesen und Hausgärten gilt es zu erhalten, sind doch die alten Sorten resistent gegen viele Krankheiten wie Schorf, Mehltau-Befall etc., während die Neuzüchtungen nur mit Hilfe von Pflanzenschutzmitteln überleben können. Die Besinnung auf alte Obstsorten bringt neben der geschmacklichen Vielfalt auch die Sicherheit für das Überleben des Obstanbaus. Aus diesem Grund setzen sich Pomologen-Verband und Gartenbauvereine seit Jahren ehrenamtlich für einen größeren Sortenreichtum ein. Diese Information möchte Sie anregen, auf alte Apfelsorten zurückzugreifen, die früher im Saarland verbreitet waren. Schmecken Sie die Vielfalt der Natur!
Field margins and meadows are valuable habitats for many species in agricultural landscapes but so far there are no comprehensive studies that address their value for land snails, which are an important part of terrestrial biodiversity.Even though the population trends of 74.6 % of the German land snail species that also should inhabit cultivatedland according to their ecological preferences are decreasing, it has never been investigated what value differentagricultural landscapeelements could have for this group. Therefore, we sampled and compared the land snail faunabetween field margins of different width and in-field areas of conventionally managed apple orchards, vineyards andcereal fields as well as between agricultural habitats and meadows to investigate their respective value for land snailbiodiversity in the agricultural landscape.In total we collected 20 different land snail species mostly typical of an open landscape representing ca. 16 % ofthe land snail fauna in Germany. In meadows species richness was higher than in all crop fields and margins exceptfor vineyard margins and wide cereal field margins and furthermore the typically occurring species differed considerablyfrom those in agricultural habitats. Our results did not indicate differences in land snail species richness,abundance or species composition between apple orchard in-field areas and field margins. In vineyardsand cerealfields, species richness was higher in margins than in-field and the red-list species Truncatellina cylindrica (Férussac,1807) was exclusively typical in wide margins of both crops. Land snail abundance and/or species richness increasedwith decreasing agricultural intensity.Quelle: Mainzer Naturwissenschaftliches Archiv : unter Foerderung des Minist. fuer Unterricht und Kultus u. der Stadt Mainz in Verb. mit dem Inst. fuer Bio- und Geowissenschaften der Univ. Mainz - (2013), H. 50, S. 291-300.
Das Projekt "T 2: Development of energy-efficient systems for high-quality fruit drying - initiated by the SFB subproject E1" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Agrartechnik, Fachgebiet Agrartechnik in den Tropen und Subtropen durchgeführt. Background: Thailand is an agriculture-based economy with production of high value fruits as one of the main sources of crop revenue. Among them, longan and litchi have significant importance for the economy. Those fruits are produced mainly in the northern region. Litchi is grown primarily by smallholders in the mountainous areas. However, the orchards are being substituted by seasonal field crops because the profitability of litchi growers has been jeopardized by unstable prices and insufficient access to markets. Consequently, this substitution have resulted on increasing levels of erosion, pesticide use and water demands. Local production of dried fruits by small-scale industries or farmer cooperatives is a promising solution for the upland growers. Such practice keeps the value adding process in the rural area, allows decoupling producer from the unstable fresh market and eliminates the middle man from the value chain. However, with the rising fuel cost the profitability of this operation may be reduced. Particularly because the current drying technology used in small-scale food processing industries has low energy efficiency and yield heterogeneous product, not allowing them to achieve the standards of the international market. Therefore small-scale fruit drying equipment has to be optimized to increase energy efficiency and to meet export quality standards. Additionally, renewable sources like biomass or biogas produced from fruit processing wastes, such as pruning wood, seeds, and peels, can provide energy for drying and replace fossil fuels. Therefore, biogas and biomass combustion should be integrated in the drying systems. Results until now: A survey of litchi drying facilities in Northern Thailand was conducted. Semi-structured questionnaires were applied to evaluate the facilities in terms of age, equipment, operational procedures, energy, labor and costs. Various types of cabinet tray dryers heated either with LPG or firewood were found and it was observed that in general producers face difficulties in achieving uniform batches. An additional survey was carried at the sites where the LPG-fueled tray dryer from the Likhitchewan company are used. Users mentioned its convenient operation, good temperature control and cost-capacity ratio as its main advantages. The high fuel consumption and non-uniformity of the drying batch were consistently regarded as drawbacks. The quality and energy performance of the Likhitchewan tray dryer was experimentally analyzed for litchi drying in a farmers cooperative. Non-uniform temperature distribution in the drying chamber was observed resulting on heterogeneous batch. Regarding the energy performance, about 15 kg of LPG was required per batch which yielded approximately 15 kg of dry litchi. Losses via exhaust air and convective losses were the main heat sinks identified. (abridged text)
Das Projekt "B 1.2: Efficient water use in limestone areas - Phase 2" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Bodenkunde und Standortslehre durchgeführt. The elevated areas of Northern Thailand highlands are inhabited by ethnic minorities. On the other hand, the Thai majority prefers the valley bottoms. Population growth of all groups, reforestation and commercialisation of agriculture lead to an increasing pressure on land and water resources. Therefore, intensified land and water use systems are desired which are resource conserving at the same time. Here, special problem areas are the karstic limestone catchments due to the limited of surface waters.Own pre-investigations together with subproject A1 have shown, that land use systems there are subsistence oriented and local farmers do not use irrigation. But they would like to develop such technology, especially in order to increase staple crop production (highland rice, maize). But lack of irrigation possibilities is also responsible for the lack of diversification of land use systems with respect to orchards. One possibility to increase staple crop yields is to prolong the vegetation period by use of water harvesting technologies. Aim of this project is to develop such low cost water harvesting technologies (together with subproject B3.1) based on a participatory approach and to model the effect of these on the water balance at the catchments scale. This will be done on the basis of the previous variability studies and should lead to model tools, which allow to evaluate ex ante SFB innovation effects on the water balance. The project area is the Bor Krai catchments. Here, weirs will be installed to quantify surface water availability. An investigation plot will be situated near the village of Bor Krai which serves for water balance measurements (TDR/densitometry) and at the same time as demonstration plot for the local community. Here water harvesting by means of filling the soils field capacity at the end of the rainy season by gravity irrigation in order to prolong the vegetation period will be researched. Through cropping of participatory evaluated varieties the crop yield should be increased. The water consumption of traditionally managed and dominant crops (including orchards) will be measured at three further sites in the catchment (TDR, tensiometer). The water balance of the soil cover in the karst catchment will be based on the coupling of a SOTER map with a water transport model. The data base will be completed by soil type mapping, spatially randomised collection of soil physical properties (texture, bulk density, infiltration, water retention curve) and determination of the ku-function at two representative sites. As project results the available water amount for irrigation purposes will be quantified. The effective use of this water reserve will lead to increased productivity of the dominant crops and limitations to orchard productivity will be reduced. (abridged text)
Das Projekt "B 3.1: Efficient water use of mixed cropping systems in watersheds of Northern Thailand highlands" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Kulturpflanzenwissenschaften (340), Fachgebiet Düngung und Bodenstoffhaushalt (340i) durchgeführt. Worldwide an important part of agricultural added value is produced under irrigation. By irrigation unproductive areas can be cultivated, additional harvests can be obtained or different crops can be planted. Since its introduction into Northern Thailand lychee has developed as one of the dominating cash crops. Lychee is produced in the hillside areas and has to be irrigated during the dry season, which is the main yield-forming period. Water therefore is mainly taken from sources or streams in the mountain forests. As nowadays all the available resources are being used do to increased production, a further increase in production can only be achieved by increasing the water use efficiency. In recent years, partial root-zone drying has become a well-established irrigation technique in wine growing areas. In a ten to fifteen days rhythm one part of the root system is irrigated while the other dries out and produces abscisic acid (ABA) a drought stress hormone. While the vegetative growth and thus labor for pruning is reduced, the generative growth remains widely unaffected. Thereby water-use efficiency can be increased by more than 40Prozent. In this sub-project the PRD-technique as well as other deficit irrigation strategies shall be applied in lychee and mango orchards and its effects on plant growth and yield shall be analyzed. Especially effects of this water-saving technology on the nutrient balance shall be considered, in order to develop an optimized fertigation strategy with respect to yield and fruit quality. As shown in preliminary studies, the nutrient supply is low in soils and fruit trees in Northern Thailand (e.g. phosphate) and even deficient for both micronutrients boron (B) and zinc (Zn). Additionally, non-adapted supply of nitrogen (mineralization, fertilization) can induce uneven flowering and fruit set. Therefore, improvement is necessary. For a better understanding of possible influence of low B and Zn supply on flowering and fruit set, mobility and retranslocation of both micronutrients shall be investigated for mango and lychee. Finally, the intended system of partial root-zone fertigation (PRF) shall guarantee an even flowering and a better yield formation under improved use of the limited resource water. As this modern technique, which requires a higher level of irrigation-technology, cannot be immediately spread among the farmers in the region, in a parallel approach potential users shall be integrated in a participative process for adaptation and development. Water transport and irrigation shall be considered, as both factors offer a tremendous potential for water saving. Local knowledge shall be integrated in the participatory process (supported by subproject A1.2, Participatory Research) in order to finally offer adapted technologies for application within PRF systems for the different conditions of farmers in the hillsides of Northern Thailand.
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