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Bottom water data of sediment incubation experiments under anoxic conditions

Enhanced mineral dissolution in the benthic environment is currently discussed as a potential technique for ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. This study explores how biogeochemical processes affect the dissolution of alkaline minerals in surface sediments during laboratory incubation experiments. These involved introducing dunite and calcite to organic-rich sediments from the Baltic Sea under controlled conditions in an anoxic to hypoxic environment. The sediment cores were incubated with Baltic Sea bottom water. Eight sediment cores were positioned vertically in a rack. Since the sediment surface was slightly oxidized by the bottom water (∼125 μmol l−1 upon recovery), the cores were left plugged on the top for 13 days to settle after recovery until the sediment surface was anoxic. To achieve chemical conditions that are expected in the natural system, 500l of retrieved sea water were degassed via bubbling with pure dinitrogen gas in batches of 100 l. Afterwards, between 50 and 60 l were transferred into an evacuated gas tight bag. After the transfer, pH and total alkalinity (TA) were measured to determine the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of the water. Afterwards the DIC was increased via adding pure CO2 until a CO2 partial pressure (pCO2 ) of ∼2,300–∼3,300 μatm was established mimicking conditions prevailing in Boknis Eck during summer. Stirring heads were installed on the cores. To prevent the development of oxic conditions, it was ensured that as little gas phase as possible was left in the cores. Elimination of pelagic autotrophs, heterotrophs, and suspended particles was achieved by flushing the cores with modified bottom water for 2 days with a flow rate of 1.5 mml min−1. Afterwards, a continuous throughflow of 700 μl min−1 from the reservoir of modified bottom water was applied, leading to a residence time of ∼2.1 days inside the cores. For the experimental incubations, six cores received additions of alkaline materials, three with calcite (Cal1 - Cal3) and three cores with dunite (Dun1 - Dun3), leading to three replicates per treatment. Two control cores remained untreated (C1, C2). The amount of added substrate was based on the rain rate of particulate organic carbon observed in Boknis Eck (0.5 mmol cm−2 a−). The incubation lasted for 25 days. The volume of water in each core was determined at the end of the experiment via measuring the height of the water column after removing the stirring heads. Bottom water samples were taken from the outflow of each core over a time period of several hours. Thus, samples represent the average outflow over the respective time period. Sampling intervals increased from daily during the first two weeks to every three to four days and weekly towards the end of the experiment. All samples were filtered through a 0.2 µm cellulose membrane filter and refrigerated in 25 ml ZinsserTM scintillation vials. Samples for TA were analyzed directly after sampling by titration of 1 ml of bottom water with 0.02N HCl. Titration was ended when a stable purple color appeared. During titration, the sample was degassed by continuous bubbling with nitrogen to remove any generated CO2 and H2S. The acid was standardized using an IAPSO seawater standard. Acidified sub-samples (30 μl suprapure HNO3- + 3 ml sample) were prepared for analyses of major and trace elements (Si, Na, K, Li, B, Mg, Ca, Sr, Mn, Ni and Fe) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES, Varian 720-ES).

Sr-Pb isotopic ratios for the <2 μm, 2-20 μm and bulk fractions from LGM European loess sequences

Sr-Pb isotopic ratios for the <2 microns, 2-20 microns size fractions and bulk samples from LGM European loess sequences. Samples were crushed in an agate mortar and Sr and Pb isotopes were measured following Chauvel et al. (2011). Lead and strontium were analyzed after dissolution of the powder and without leaching procedure. Blanks run in parallel with the samples during the course of this work were less than 80 pg of Pb and 250 pg of Sr for the entire chemical separation procedure. These amounts are negligible relative to the amount of Pb and Sr present in the beakers after isolation of pure Pb and Sr (typically, 600 ng of Pb and 4 microg of Sr).

Element concentrations from two benthic chambers and the ambient bottom water during an in-situ incubation experiment in July 2025

The dataset contains major and trace element concentrations measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) from water samples collected during a 16-day in-situ incubation experiment in the Baltic Sea (2025-07-12 to 2025-07-29). Samples were collected using an automated glass-syringe sampler deployed within two benthic chambers of a Biogeochemical Observatory (BIGO, Sommer et al., 2009) at 54° 34.432' N, 10° 10.776' E, at 22 m water depth. In one chamber, 29 g of fine calcite powder were added to the bottom water to assess the potential of enhanced benthic calcite weathering as an ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) strategy. Seven samples per chamber and from the ambient bottom water were analyzed to trace elemental changes associated with calcite dissolution.

Seasonal (years 2020-2021) dynamics in pore water composition under impact of submarine groundwater discharge in front of a coastal peatland, southern Baltic Sea

The data set contains the results for the porewater composition of samples, collected from different (up to 11) depths (down to 4.5 mbsf) at two sites in front of the Hütelmoor, southern Baltic Sea. Porewater was under impact by submarine groundwater discharge and collected during 6 field campaigns in years 2020 and 2021 using permanent multi-port samplers. Stable isotope signatures (H, C, O, S), major, and trace element data are presented to characterize the mixture between the endmembers freshwater and the brackish surface water component, superimposed by benthic diagenesis.

Geochemistry of pore waters from Fehmarn Belt area, southern Baltic Sea during cruise EMB238

The geochemical composition of surface sediments and pore waters from the Fehmarn Belt area, southern Baltic Sea, was analyzed in the context of the establishment of exclusion areas for bottom trawling activity. Samples were taken on cruise EMB238 in May/June 2020 using a multi corer or benthic lander device. Besides on-site measurements, further dissolved major and trace elements, dissolved inorganic carbon, nutrients were analyzed in home laboratory. Results are complemented by the analysis of potential microbial gross sulfate reduction rates and the geochemical composition of CNS and extractable sulfur (AVS, CrS(II), and acid-extractable Fe, Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn contents.

Ahr river overbank sediments: XRF elemental composition data set (Mayschoß-Transect, core Ahr2022-1_1, Ahr2022-1_2, Ahr2022-2_1, Ahr2022-2_2)

The elemental composition of samples from four sediment cores from the Mayschoß floodplain (Ahr river) was determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). In the first step of preparation, large organic matter and pebbles were removed from freeze-dried samples (8 g) by sieving (2 mm). Subsequently, the samples were powdered and homogenised with vibratory Retsch mill MM 200. The uniform pills for the analysis were pressed with a carbon-based binding agent by Vaneox press at 20 t for 2 min. The elemental analysis of 50 elements was conducted in a He atmosphere using a Spectro Xepos energy dispersive XRF spectrometer. The surface elevation was extracted from Brell et al. (2023).

Porewater chemistry, iron extractions, metabolic rates and microbial analyses from Boknis Eck sediments from January 2022 until March 2023

We collected sediments for pore water analyses via IC, ICP-OESm H2S and Alkalinity measurements, conducted sequential Fe-extractions, determined O2 consumption rates via an enclosed mini Chamber, measured sulfate reduction rates via 35S-SO4 tracer and conducted 16S rRNA amplicon gene analyses (seqeuncing Illumina). Data was generated from Boknis Eck sediments from January 2022 until March 2023.

Elementkarte der Digitalen Lithogeochemischen Karte von Bayern 1:25.000 (dLGK25) - Strontium (P90)

Die Elementkarte stellt die räumliche Verteilung der klassifizierten Gehalte des 90. Perzentils von Strontium (in mg/kg) innerhalb der 184 geochemischen Gesteinseinheiten in Bayern dar. In die Auswertung gehen dabei nur die Daten der ersten (von maximal drei) Lithologien einer geochemischen Gesteinseinheit ein. Für Informationen im Hinblick auf die Auswertung der Daten sowie auf die kartenmäßige Darstellung wird auf die Metadaten der digitalen Lithogeochemischen Karte 1:25 000 von Bayern (dLGK25) verwiesen.

Elementkarte der Digitalen Lithogeochemischen Karte von Bayern 1:25.000 (dLGK25) - Strontium (P50)

Die Elementkarte stellt die räumliche Verteilung der klassifizierten Gehalte des 50. Perzentils von Strontium (in mg/kg) innerhalb der 184 geochemischen Gesteinseinheiten in Bayern dar. In die Auswertung gehen dabei nur die Daten der ersten (von maximal drei) Lithologien einer geochemischen Gesteinseinheit ein. Für Informationen im Hinblick auf die Auswertung der Daten sowie auf die kartenmäßige Darstellung wird auf die Metadaten der digitalen Lithogeochemischen Karte 1:25 000 von Bayern (dLGK25) verwiesen.

Moosmonitoring 1995/96, Untersuchungen der Schwermetallgehalte in Moosen, Strontium in Moosen, Einzelelementkarten

In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland wurden von 1990 bis 2005 in fünfjährigem Abstand sowie in den Jahren 2015/16 und 2020/21 Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der Inhaltsstoffe von Moosen durchgeführt. Schwerpunkt war die Analyse von Schwermetallen, ab 2005/06 auch von Sticksoff. Seit 2015/16 wurde das Stoffspektrum auf persistente organische Stoffe (POP) und Mikroplastik ausgeweitet. Dieses „Moosmonitoring“ ist der deutsche Beitrag zum europäischen Moosmonitoringprogramm, welches durch das „Internationale Kooperativprogramm zur Wirkung von Luftverunreinigungen auf die natürliche Vegetation und auf landwirtschaftliche Kulturpflanzen“ („International Cooperative Programme on Effects of Air Pollution on Natural Vegetation and Crops“, kurz: ICP Vegetation) der Genfer Luftreinhaltekonvention (Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, CLRTAP) koordiniert wird. Mit der Durchführung der einzelnen Probenahmekampagnen sowie der Auswertung der Untersuchungsergebnisse wurden durch das Umweltbundesamt (UBA) wechselnde Institutionen beauftragt, so die Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) mit dem Moosmonitoring 1995/96. Die Ergebnisse der nachfolgenden Monitoringjahre hat das Umweltbundesamt veröffentlicht. Sie sind abrufbar unter https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/luft/bioindikation-von-luftverunreinigungen. Das Moos-Monitoring 1995/96 ist mit 1026 Standorten neben dem Moos-Monitoring 2000 das mit der größten Probenahmedichte und mit 40 analysierten Elementen das mit dem größten Untersuchungsspektrum. Obwohl die in den Jahren 1998 und 1999 fertiggestellten Forschungsberichte (Siewers & Herpin, 1998; Siewers, Herpin & Straßburg, 1999) eine Auswertung (Kurzbeschreibung, statistische Maßzahlen, Verteilungskarten) aller 40 analysierten Elemente enthalten, wurden bislang nur die Daten von 12 der analysierten Elemente veröffentlicht. Darüber hinaus wurden im Jahr 2007 die im Ergebnis der Analytik vorliegenden Rohdaten aus den Laboratorien einer Neubewertung unterzogen. Daraus resultiert eine Reihe von Fehlerkorrekturen, das auswertbare Elementspektrum konnte auf 42 Elemente erweitert werden. Auch die Ergebnisse dieser Neubewertung sind bislang unveröffentlicht. Die ergänzende Bearbeitung der Daten mit modernen Verfahren bringt eine zusätzliche Aufwertung dieser. Die Downloads zeigen die Verteilung der Strontiumgehalte in Moosen in vier verschiedenen farbigen Punkt- und Isoflächenkarten. Die Legenden der Karten sind wahlweise in der Maßeinheit µg/g oder in einer an den Gehaltsbereich des dargestellten Elements angepassten Maßeinheit abrufbar.

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