This publication analyses the advantages and disadvantages of carbon credits compared to other financing instruments for protecting and restoring coastal ecosystems. Nine instruments are examined, including emission credits, biodiversity certificates, development cooperation, and blue bonds. Several aspects such as scalability, financial stability, carbon accounting, and project integrity are explored. Findings suggest that carbon credits offer scalability and long-term revenue potential but are hindered by high transaction costs, market volatility, and risks to environmental integrity, particularly when used for emission offsetting. The report targets professionals in climate change, conservation, and sustainable finance.
In Article 2.1 (c) of the Paris Agreement, the international community sets itself the goal of aligning global financial flows with the objectives of the Agreement. But how can we determine whether this goal is being achieved?This paper reviews and evaluates existing assessment frameworks for tracking progress under Article 2.1(c), identifying key trends, gaps, and lessons for the future development of frameworks.