The cruise SO267 ARCHIMEDES I started on December 11th, 2018 in Suva (Fidji) and ended in Suva on January 26th, 2019. Over half of the world´s presently exploited metal deposits were formed during major episodes of crustal growth related to subduction and microplate tectonics. These processes are observed today along the entire margin of the Western Pacific, where complex microplate mosaics offer unique opportunities to study accretion and the emergence of new continental crust. The focus of SO267 was a series of crustal cross-sections at the outer edge of the Indo- Australian Plate, in the largely uncharted waters of the Kingdom of Tonga. The project, entitled “Arc Rifting, Metallogeny and Microplate Evolution – An Integrated Geodynamic, Magmatic and Hydrothermal Study of the Fonualei Rift System”, was designed to document the geological evolution of an emerging microplate mosaic in the NE Lau Basin, a region with some of the fastest growing crust on Earth, and to better understand the sequence of events that cause arc rifting and related magmatic-hydrothermal activity. Using a coordinated approach of high-resolution 2D seismics, electromagnetics and sampling, ARCHIMEDES I imaged the deep structure of the Fonualei Rift system and adjoining back-arc crust of the Niuafo’ou microplate. The goal was to address a major unsolved question concerning crustal growth in complex arc-backarc systems: at what stage in the structural and thermal evolution of the crust does arc rifting occur and seafloor spreading initiate? Planned operations included large-scale reflection and refraction seismic surveys, and a dense program of gravity, magnetics, heat flow, bathymetric mapping and sidescan imaging using the AUV ABYSS and ship-based multibeam systems. This ambitious program was made possible by a close collaboration between GEOMAR and BGR scientists, bringing together diverse expertise and state-of-the-art technologies. To understand the large-scale tectonic processes, we studied 6 different locations within an area of 300 km x 300 km: i) the southern Fonualei Rift Spreading Center (S-FRSC), ii) the region between the S-FRSC and the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (FRSC-ELSC Transfer Zone), iii) the northern tip of the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC), iv) the northern tip of the Fonualei Rift system (N-FRSC), v) the Mangatolu Triple Junction (MTJ), and vi) the southward propagating Northeast Lau Spreading centre (NELSC). The combined data represent one of the most comprehensive records of microplate formation from the modern oceans.
Das Projekt "Arterhaltung von Voegeln tropischer Inseln, Biodiversitaet und genomische Analyse" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Bochum, Fakultät XIX für Biologie, Arbeitsgruppe für Verhaltensforschung durchgeführt. Koennen Kleinstpopulationen im Suedpazifik (Tonga-, Fidschi-Archipele) lebender Vogelarten dauerhaft ueberleben, oder beduerfen sie regelmaessiger Blutauffrischung von Populationen anderer Inseln? Durch mtDNA-Analyse von 700 Blutproben ausgewaehlter tonganischer Arten ist zu pruefen, in welchem Ausmass Inselpopulationen genetisch voneinander isoliert und gefaehrdet sind. - Dem Schutz endemischer Voegel Tongas und der Philippinen dienen Erforschung ihrer Biologie und Management.
Das Projekt "Die Rolle von Informationen und Institutionen bei Kooperationsbruechen in oekologisch-sozialen Konfliktsituationen (Allmenden): eine psychologisch-oekonomisch-ethnologische Analyse" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Freiburg, Psychologisches Institut, Abteilung für Allgemeine Psychologie durchgeführt. Oekologische und soziale Dilemmata, - Modellierung von Akteuren, - Reaktionen auf Betrug, - ethnologische Feldstudien in Tonga.
Das Projekt "Die Rolle von Informationen und Institutionen bei Kooperationseinbruechen in oekologisch-sozialen Konfliktsituationen (Allmenden) - Eine psychologisch-oekonomisch-ethnologische Analyse" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität St. Gallen, Institut für Wirtschaft und Ökologie durchgeführt. The project analyses the indirect effects of informal insurance on open-access renewable resource use. It is based on a field study of two neighbouring island fisheries in the Ha'apai region in the Kingdom of Tonga. On one island, 'Uiha, the fishery is under greater stress and fishers have partially withdrawn from the traditional Tongan system of sharing catch with other community members, whereas on the other island, Lofanga, the resource base and the informal insurance system is still intact. We show that informal insurance can be a perfect substitute for rules or norms which regulate resource use directly. Informal insurance can thereby complement an open-access system to the effect of making use sustainable, even under observed technological change. However, a combination of technological progress and cultural westernization puts the open-access resource under stress. The system of resource governance observed in H'apai has some resemblance with the believed-in effects of ecological tax reforms advocated for some industrialized societies.