Das Projekt "SP 2.3 Decision support systems for weed management in North China Plain production systems" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Tropische Agrarwissenschaften (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institut) (490), Fachgebiet Agrarökologie der Tropen und Substropen (490f) durchgeführt. Wide applications in Europe show that weed management strategies can be considerably improved when computerized expert systems, decision models and population-dynamic models are applied. If these management systems are transferred and adapted to the specific production systems of the North China Plain, herbicide use can be significantly reduced and the evolution of persistent weed populations in the major arable crops can be avoided. The main objective of this subproject will be to create efficacy-based models analyzing herbicide performance in major crops and to create population-based models for herbicide use analyzing the yield losses caused by weed competition. For these models it is necessary to determine the sensitivity of major weed species to herbicides and to explore the potential of reduced dose rates for herbicide use. Furthermore it is necessary to investigate weed management practices combining preventive (timing of seeding, crop rotation and tillage) and direct methods (chemical and physical methods) of weed control. For population dynamic models it is necessary to determine long-term economic weed threshold estimating the changes in the soil seed bank. Finally both models will be combined in a decision support system for weed control in North China Plain Production Systems. The applicability of this decision support system will be tested in field experiments.
Das Projekt "Effects of canopy structure on salinity stress in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Hochschule Geisenheim University, Zentrum für Wein- und Gartenbau, Institut für Gemüsebau durchgeführt. Salinity reduces the productivity of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) through osmotic and ionic effects. For given atmospheric conditions we hypothesize the existence of an optimal canopy structure at which water use efficiency is maximal and salt accumulation per unit of dry matter production is minimal. This canopy structure optimum can be predicted by integrating physiological processes over the canopy using a functional-structural plant model (FSPM). This model needs to represent the influence of osmotic stress on plant morphology and stomatal conductance, the accumulation of toxic ions and their dynamics in the different compartments of the system, and their toxic effects in the leaf. Experiments will be conducted to parameterize an extended cucumber FSPM. In in-silico experiments with the FSPM we attempt to identify which canopy structure could lead to maximum long-term water use efficiency with minimum ionic stress. The results from in-silico experiments will be evaluated by comparing different canopy structures in greenhouses. Finally, the FSPM will be used to investigate to which extent the improvement of individual mechanisms of salt tolerance like reduced sensitivity of stomatal conductance or leaf expansion can contribute to whole-plant salt tolerance.
Das Projekt "How should Model Linkages be designed to analyze the Effects of Global Agricultural Trade Liberalization at the Farm Level?" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut Bundesforschungsinstitut für Ländliche Räume, Wald und Fischerei, Institut für Betriebswirtschaft durchgeführt. In the last decades agricultural policy has gained increasingly in complexity. Nowadays it influences the food and agricultural sector from the global market down to the farm level. Widespread research questions, like the impact of the WTO negotiations on the farm structure, most often require comprehensive modeling frameworks. Thus, different types of models are utilized according to their comparative advantages and combined in a strategically useful way to more accurately represent micro and macro aspects of the food and agricultural sector. Consequently, in recent years we have seen an increase in the development and application of model linkages. Given this background, the overall objective of this subproject is a systematic sensitivity analysis of model linkages that gradually involves more and more characteristics of the linkage and the corresponding transfer of results between models. In addition, the project aims to answer the following specific question: How does structural change at the farm level influence aggregate supply and technical progress? Under which conditions is it possible to derive macro-relationships from micro-relationships? How does the aggregation level influence the model results and how can possible problems be overcome? This procedure is used to quantify the effects and to derive conditions for optimal interaction of the connected models. The analysis is based on the general equilibrium model GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project) and the farm group model FARMIS (Farm Modelling Information System) which are employed in conjunction to analyze the effects of WTO negotiations on the farm level.
Das Projekt "Assessment of satellite constellations for monitoring the variations in earth s gravity field" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Stuttgart, Geodätisches Institut durchgeführt. More than a decade has passed since the launch of the GRACE satellite mission. Although designed for a nominal mission lifetime of 5 years, it still provides valuable science data. An eventual systems failure and, thus, mission termination is expected any time soon, though. Despite a relative low spatial and temporal resolution, the monthly gravity fields have proved an invaluable and novel parameter set in several geoscience disciplines, allowing new research venues in the study of Global Change phenomena. The hydrological cycle is now subject to quantification at continental scales; the state of the cryosphere, particularly ice sheet melting over Greenland and Antarctica, can be monitored; and steric effects of sea-level change have become separable from non-steric ones. The enormous success of the mission has driven the need for continuation of monitoring mass changes in the Earth system. Indeed, a GRACE Follow-On (GFO) mission has been approved for launch in August 2017. Like its predecessor it will consist of two satellites flying en echelon with intersatellite K-Band ranging as the main gravitational sensor. Despite a number of planned technological improvements, including a laser link as demonstrator, GFO will mostly be based on GRACE heritage. Given a similar orbit configuration and a similar systems setup, the quality of eventual gravity field products can be expected to be in the same range as the current GRACE products. To guarantee the continuation of such successful gravity field time series ESA has embarked several years ago on a long term strategy for future gravity field satellite missions, both in terms of technology development and in terms of consolidating the user community. Scientists from academia and industry held a workshop on The Future of Satellite Gravimetry at ESTEC premises, 12-13 April 2007, (RD-9). Similar workshops have been organized by other organizations, e.g. the joint GGOS/IGCP565 workshop Towards a Roadmap for Future Satellite Gravity Missions in Graz, September 30 - October 2, 2009. ESA furthermore played a key role in consolidating the international user community by funding a series of study projects, cf. (RD-1) to (RD-5). Similar projects have been funded and conducted at national level, e.g. the German BMBF-funded Geotechnologies III project Concepts for future gravity field satellite missions (PI: N. Sneeuw). These studies, together with GRACE experience, have provided a clear understanding of the current limitations of a GRACE-type mission. In particular the limitations in sampling and sensitivity of a single pair of satellites with in-orbit in-line sensitivity are well documented. At the same time, these studies have shown the design options and a roadmap towards a next generation gravity field mission.
Das Projekt "Effekte von Nickel auf eine aquatische Lebensgemeinschaft in Mikrokosmen" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Fraunhofer-Institut für Molekularbiologie und Angewandte Oekologie durchgeführt. Quality standards to assess the chemical status of water bodies under the Water Framework Directive are often based on a few standardized laboratory tests and fixed assessment factors for extrapolation to the field situation. If larger data sets including tests with non-standard species are available, a statistical extrapolation approach, the Species Sensitivity Distribution approach (SSD) is applied. For assessing the remaining uncertainty on the SSD, the threshold concentration derived can be compared with data from field monitoring or model ecosystem studies. Taking the priority substance Ni as an example we present the use of microcosms to test the protectiveness of the quality standard derived from laboratory toxicity tests. The study was conducted in 14 microcosms including a natural sediment layer and an overlaying water volume of 750 L located in a greenhouse. After a pre-treatment period for establishing a diverse aquatic community of phytoplankton, zooplankton, periphyton and snails, Ni solution was added to reach concentrations of 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 micro g Ni/L in two microcosms each. Four microcosms served as untreated controls. To achieve the intended constant exposure over the test period of four months, Ni concentrations were frequently determined in the microcosms and appropriate amounts of nickel solution were added mostly on a daily basis. Parameters known to affect Ni toxicity, i.e. water hardness, pH, and dissolved organic carbon, were also measured. Population abundance and community structure were analysed for difference to the dynamics in the controls. In the microcosms with 48 and 96 micro g Ni/L long-term effects on phytoplankton, rotifers, snails and, due to reduced grazing by snails, indirectly on the periphyton biomass were observed. Only minor, and/or temporary deviations from controls, i.e., for single sampling dates, were found for a few algae taxa at lower concentrations. Because these deviations showed no clear dose-response and were not found at the end of the study they were not seen as adverse effects. However, for the snail (Lymnaea stagnalis), effects on the trend of population development could not be excluded at 24 micro g/L. Thus, the overall No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) for a chronic exposure to nickel in this microcosm study was considered to be 12 micro g Ni/L. This NOEC confirms the protectiveness of the quality standard derived from the laboratory single species tests.
Das Projekt "Challenges in luminescence dating applications of quartz" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuther Zentrum für Ökologie und Umweltforschung (BayCEER), Lehrstuhl Geomorphologie durchgeführt. Luminescence dating methods using quartz may suffer from i) incomplete optical resetting (bleaching) of the latent signal at deposition, ii) limited saturation dose and,thus, limited time range using UV-A or blue emissions. The project objectives first consists in exploring and separating OSL emissions from quartz of different sensitivity to light and to isolate components suited for specific dating applications with the Linear Modulation technique. Rapid environmental change with or without human impact will be dated more precisely and more reliably using this sophisticated technique. Secondly it is tried to extend the upper dating limit by using orange-red TL emissions (RTL) from quartz extracted from heated samples (e.g., crustal xenoliths from volcanic eruptions) and from sediments which are too old for conventional OSL dating. Both approaches require fundamental research into the luminescence characteristics of (dose-saturated) quartz crystals from different geological origin (granitic, hydrothermal, sedimentary). Objectives in order: 1. Sampling and refining pure quartz from different geological and petrographic environments and from a well-studied last glacial loess section (Nussloch). 2. Investigating basic luminescence characteristics from different quartz of different origin, with focus on OSL components (LM-OSL) and red TL emissions (RTL). 3. Testing improved techniques (LM-OSL) to recognize incomplete or inhomogeneous signal resetting at deposition and to precisely determine the true burial dose. 4. Extending the upper limit of luminescence dating through use of RTL emissions from heated and from sedimentary quartz. 5. Improving and ensuring of dose rate calculations using different low-level methods including modeling of disequilibrium and spatial non-homogeneity if applicable. 6. Comparing dating results from loess with independent chronologies and other high resolution records of rapid climate change.
Das Projekt "Adaptation of forest trees to climatic change - climate sensitive growth dynamics of Douglas-fir provenances" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg durchgeführt. Dieser von der FVA-Abt. Waldwachstum zusammen mit den Institut für Waldwachstum (Uni Freiburg) und dem Lehrgebiet Waldbau (Hochschule Forstwirtschaft, Rottenburg) gestellte Antrag ist Teil eines Projektpaketes mit fünf unterschiedlichen Anträgen (davon 3 getrennte Anträge der FVA), für das die Federführung bei der FVA-Abt. Waldökologie liegt. Die von der Abt. Waldwachstum zur Finanzierung beantragten Arbeitspakete umfassen zwei getrennten Bereiche: 1) Bereitstellung des gemeinsam verwendeten Versuchsmaterials: Ein für den gesamten Projektverbund entscheidender Beitrag liegt darin, dass im Rahmen dieses Projektes aus etablierten Douglasien-Provenienzversuchen Versuchsbestände und Untersuchungsmaterial (z.B. Bäume) als gemeinsame Basis für die Forschungsarbeiten aller beteiligter Projektpartner bereitgestellt werden. 2) Waldwachstumskundliche Analyse i.e.S. mit folgenden Hauptzielen: Die Analyse der jährlichen Wuchsdynamik als Reaktion auf Klima- und Witterungsereignisse und die Entwicklung eines genotyp- und klimasensitiven Wuchsmodells (FVA-WW). Die retrospektive Untersuchung des jährlichen Wachstums bezieht sich auf die langfristige Analyse von Wachstumstrends und die Frage, in welchem Ausmaß genotypische Merkmale mit Wachstumsreaktionen auf Witterungsfaktoren korrespondieren. Die Auswirkungen auf das Wachstum werden in kurz-, mittel- und langfristige Auswirkungen differenziert. Die Ergebnisse sollen in einen bestehenden Wachstumssimulator implementiert werden, um genotypspezifische Wuchsdynamiken zu berücksichtigen und unterschiedliche Klimasensitivität bei Wachstumsprognosen berücksichtigen zu können.
Das Projekt "Ecotoxicology of Organotin compounds" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Frankfurt am Main, Institut für Ökologie, Evolution und Diversität, Abteilung Aquatische Ökotoxikologie durchgeführt. Organotin and especially butyltin compounds are used for a variety of applications, e.g. as biocides, stabilizers, catalysts and intermediates in chemical syntheses. Tributyltin (TBT) compounds exhibit the greatest toxicity of all organotins and have even been characterized as one of the most toxic groups of xenobiotics ever produced and deliberately introduced into the environment. TBT is not only used as an active biocidal compound in antifouling paints, which are designed to prevent marine and freshwater biota from settlement on ship hulls, harbour and offshore installations, but also as a biocide in wood preservatives, textiles, dispersion paints and agricultural pesticides. Additionally, it occurs as a by-product of mono- (MBT) and dibutyltin (DBT) compounds, which are used as UV stabilizer in many plastics and for other applications. Triphenyltin (TPT) compounds are also used as the active biocide in antifouling paints outside Europe and furthermore as an agricultural fungicide since the early 1960s to combat a range of fungal diseases in various crops, particularly potato blight, leaf spot and powdery mildew on sugar beet, peanuts and celery, other fungi on hop, brown rust on beans, grey moulds on onions, rice blast and coffee leaf rust. Although the use of TBT and TPT was regulated in many countries world-wide from restrictions for certain applications to a total ban, these compounds are still present in the environment. In the early 1970s the impact of TBT on nontarget organisms became apparent. Among the broad variety of malformations caused by TBT in aquatic animals, molluscs have been found to be an extremely sensitive group of invertebrates and no other pathological condition produced by TBT at relative low concentrations rivals that of the imposex phenomenon in prosobranch gastropods speaking in terms of sensitivity. TBT induces imposex in marine prosobranchs at concentrations as low as 0,5 ng TBT-Sn/L. Since 1993, for the littorinid snail Littorina littorea a second virilisation phenomenon, termed intersex, is known. In female specimens affected by intersex the pallial oviduct is transformed of towards a male morphology with a final supplanting of female organs by the corresponding male formations. Imposex and intersex are morphological alterations caused by a chronic exposure to ultra-trace concentrations of TBT. A biological effect monitoring offers the possibility to determine the degree of contamination with organotin compounds in the aquatic environment and especially in coastal waters without using any expensive analytical methods. Furthermore, the biological effect monitoring allows an assessment of the existing TBT pollution on the basis of biological effects. Such results are normally more relevant for the ecosystem than pure analytical data. usw.
Das Projekt "Teilprojekt: Kalibrierung und Dekonvolution von Bohrlochseismogrammen zur Optimierung von seismischen Gefährdungsanalysen und Bestimmung von Erdbeben-Quellparameter am Beispiel von Wellenformendaten aus dem ICDP-GONAF-Projekt" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum durchgeführt. In den zurückliegenden 1.5 Jahren des Projektes konzentrierten sich die Arbeiten auf das erste bereits fertiggestellte vertikale Seismometer-Array des ICDP-GONAF-Observatoriums auf der Tuzla Halbinsel im Südosten Istanbuls. Aufgrund des verbesserten Signal-Rausch-Verhältnisses an den Bohrlochseismometern im Vergleich zu den Oberflächenstationen war es möglich, deutlich mehr M kleiner als 0 Mikrobeben zu detektieren. Diese Messdaten stellten die Grundlage für die bereits durchgeführten seismologischen Studien dar. In der hier beantragten Verlängerung werden wir unsere Erdbebendatenbank für das östliche Marmarameer fortlaufend erweitern, indem wir die im Sommer 2014 fertig gestellten Seismometer-Arrays auf der Armutlu-Halbinsel in die Detektionsalgorithmen integrieren, sowie dann auch weitere vier GONAF-Bohrlocharrays, deren Fertigstellung bis Frühjahr 2015 geplant ist. Es wurden verschiedene Methoden zur Bestimmung oberflächennaher Eigenschaften des Tuzla-Standortes, wie z.B. seismische Geschwindigkeiten und Dämpfung, angewendet und angepasst. Dieselben Methoden werden auf die neuen GONAF-Stationen übertragen, um zu verifizieren, ob die Beobachtungen in Tuzla standortspezifisch, oder auch für andere geologische Formationen repräsentativ sind. Die dann erstmals durchgeführte vergleichende Analyse unterschiedlicher Standorte in der Region wird neue Einblicke geben, um die Auswerteverfahren für die Korrektur von Standort-Effekten weiterzuentwickeln. Dies ist z.B. für eine genaue Abschätzung von Erdbeben-Quellparametern essentiell. Darüber hinaus planen wir, Processing-Methoden des Vertical-Seismic Profiling einzusetzen, um die Zweige der Nordanatolischen Verwerfungszone unterhalb des östlichen Marmarameeres abzubilden (passive fault-zone imaging). Dabei wird die lokale Seismizität genutzt, die in kleiner als 20 km Epizentralentfernung von den GONAF-Stationen in Tiefen von 5 bis 20 km auftritt und an den verschiedenen Tiefenstockwerken der GONAF-Arrays registriert wird. Schließlich werden Wellenformen-Registrierungen von erstmals in 300m Tiefe eingesetzten 3-Komponenten 1Hz MARK Seismometern ausgewertet, unter Anderem um verstärkt S-Wellen-Eigenschaften der Region zu untersuchen.
Das Projekt "Pseudoallergische Reaktionen auf Pharmaka und Nahrungsmittelzusatzstoffe" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Forschungsinstitut Borstel durchgeführt. In Vivo und in vitro Verabreichung von Nahrungsmittelzusatzstoffen (Tartrazin, Gelborange, Amaranth, Benzoesaeure, Sorbinsaeure, Na-Disulfit, K-Disulfit, Glutamat) und von Nahrungsmitteln (Ei, Milch, Nuesse, Fisch, Rohkost, Fleisch, Mehlsorten) an Patienten mit Verdacht auf entsprechende Unvertraeglichkeiten. Symptome: Kopf- und Bauchschmerzen, Asthma, Rhinitis, Diarrhoe, Urticaria, anaphylaktischer Schock. Mit Hilfe der in vitro Provokationen werden Korrelationen zwischen Mediatorenprofilen und der klinischen Symptomatologie hergestellt. Ziel der Untersuchung: Etablierung eines validen, nicht invarsiven, den Patienten nicht gefaehrdenden diagnostischen Verfahrens zur Objektivierung der nahrungsmittelinduzierten pseudoallergischen Reaktionen.
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