Das Projekt "Barley dwarfs acting big in agronomy. Identification of genes and characterization of proteins involved in dwarfism, lodging resistance and crop yield" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft durchgeführt. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is an important cereal grain which serves as major animal fodder crop as well as basis for malt beverages or staple food. Currently barley is ranked fourth in terms of quantity of cereal crops produced worldwide. In times of a constantly growing world population in conjunction with an unforeseeable climate change and groundwater depletion, the accumulation of knowledge concerning cereal growth and rate of yield gain is important. The Nordic Genetic Resource Center holds a major collection of barley mutants produced by irradiation or chemical treatment. One phenotypic group of barley varieties are dwarf mutants (erectoides, brachytic, semidwarf, uzu). They are characterized by a compact spike and high rate of yield while the straw is short and stiff, enhancing the lodging resistance of the plant. Obviously they are of applied interest, but they are also of scientific interest as virtually nothing is known about the genes behind the development of plant dwarfism. The aim of this project is to identify and isolate the genes carrying the mutations by using state of the art techniques for gene cloning at the Carlsberg Laboratory. The identified genes will be connected with the mutant phenotype to reveal the gene function in general. One or two genes will be overexpressed and the resulting recombinant proteins will be biochemically and structurally characterized. The insights how the mutation effects the protein will display the protein function in particular. Identified genes and their mutant alleles will be tested in the barley breeding program of the Carlsberg brewery.
Das Projekt "European Investment Bank - Water Management" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Jena-Optronik GmbH durchgeführt. BACKGROUND: The Kingdom of Jordan belongs to the ten water scarcest countries in the world, and climate change is likely to increase the frequency of future droughts. Jordan is considered among the 10 most water impoverished countries in the world, with per capita water availability estimated at 170 m per annum, compared to an average of 1,000 m per annum in other countries. Jordan Government has taken the strategic decision to develop a conveyor system including a 325 km pipe to pump 100 million cubic meters per year of potable water from Disi-Mudawwara close to the Saudi Border in the south, to the Greater Amman area in the north. The construction of the water pipeline has started end of 2009 and shall be finished in 2013. Later on, the pipeline could serve as a major part of a national water carrier in order to convey desalinated water from the Red Sea to the economically most important central region of the country. The conveyor project will not only significantly increase water supplies to the capital, but also provide for the re-allocation of current supplies to other governorates, and for the conservation of aquifers. In the context of the Disi project that is co-funded by EIB two Environmental and Social Management Plans have been prepared: one for the private project partners and one for the Jordan Government. The latter includes the Governments obligation to re-balance water allocations to irrigation and to gradually restore the protected wetlands of Azraq (Ramsar site) east of Amman that has been depleted due to over-abstraction by re-directing discharge of highland aquifers after the Disi pipeline becomes operational. The Water Strategy recognizes that groundwater extraction for irrigation is beyond acceptable limits. Since the source is finite and priority should be given to human consumption it proposes to tackle the demand for irrigation through tariff adjustments, improved irrigation technology and disincentive to water intensive crops. The Disi aquifer is currently used for irrigation by farms producing all kinds of fruits and vegetables on a large scale and exporting most of their products to the Saudi and European markets and it is almost a third of Jordan's total consumption. The licenses for that commercial irrigation were finished by 2011/12. Whilst the licenses will be not renewed the difficulty will be the enforcement and satellite based information become an important supporting tool for monitoring. OUTLOOK: The ESA funded project Water management had the objective to support the South-North conveyor project and the activities of EIB together with the MWI in Jordan to ensure the supply of water for the increasing demand. EO Information provides a baseline for land cover and elevation and support the monitoring of further stages. usw.
Das Projekt "The iron-snow regime in Fe-FeS cores: a numerical and experimental approach" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Roßendorf, Institut für Fluiddynamik durchgeführt. In the Earth, the dynamo action is strongly linked to core freezing. There is a solid inner core, the growth of which provides a buoyancy flux that drives the dynamo. The buoyancy in this case derives from a difference in composition between the solid inner core and the fluid outer core. In planetary bodies smaller than the Earth, however, this core differentiation process may differ - Fe may precipitate at the core-mantle boundary (CMB) rather than in the center and may fall as iron snow and initially remelt with greater depth. A chemical stable sedimentation zone develops that comprises with time the entire core - at that time a solid inner core starts to grow. The dynamics of this system is not well understood and also whether it can generate a magnetic field or not. The Jovian moon Ganymede, which shows a present-day magnetic dipole field, is a candidate for which such a scenario has been suggested. We plan to study this Fe-snow regime with both a numerical and experimental approach. In the numerical study, we use a 2D/3D thermo-chemical convection model that considers crystallization and sinking of iron crystals together with the dynamics of the liquid core phase (for the 3D case the influence of the rotation of the Fe snow process is further studied).The numerical calculations will be complemented by two series of experiments: (1) investigations in metal alloys by means of X-ray radioscopy, and (2) measurements in transparent analogues by optical techniques. The experiments will examine typical features of the iron snow regime. On the one hand they will serve as a tool to validate the numerical approach and on the other hand they will yield important insight into sub-processes of the iron snow regime, which cannot be accessed within the numerical approach due to their complexity.
Das Projekt "Forest vegetation development in the Bavarian Forest National Park following the 1983 windfall event" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Technische Universität München, Fachgebiet Geobotanik durchgeführt. In the Bavarian Forest National Park a brief, but intense storm event on 1 August 1983 created large windfall areas. The windfall ecosystems within the protection zone of the park were left develop without interference; outside this zone windfall areas were cleared of dead wood but not afforested. A set of permanent plots (transect design with 10 to 10 m plots) was established in 1988 in spruce forests of wet and cool valley bottoms in order to document vegetation development. Resampling shall take place every five years; up to now it was done in 1993 and 1998. On cleared areas an initial raspberry (Rubus idaeus) shrub community was followed by pioneer birch (Betula pubescens, B. pendula) woodland, a sequence well known from managed forest stands. In contrast to this, these two stages were restricted to root plates of fallen trees in uncleared windfalls; here shade-tolerant tree species of the terminal forest stages established rather quickly from saplings that had already been present in the preceeding forest stand. Soil surface disturbances are identified to be causal to the management pathway of forest development, wereas the untouched pathway is caused by relatively low disturbance levels. The simulation model FORSKA-M is used to analyse different options of further stand development with a simulation time period of one hundred years.
Das Projekt "Teilvorhaben: FastAlert - ICP-MS / qPCR" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Analytik Jena GmbH & Co. KG durchgeführt. In 'FastAlert' soll ein System zur prozessnahen Pathogen-Analyse in Abwasserproben entstehen, durch das sich die Verbreitung von Infektionserregern und Resistenzen effektiv überwachen lässt. Für die Identifizierung werden dabei vier komplementäre Nachweisverfahren in einer offenen Plattform kombiniert: die Massenspektrometrie mit induktiv gekoppeltem Plasma (ICP-MS), die Raman-Spektroskopie, die quantitative PCR (qPCR) sowie ein mikroskopisch-hyperspektrales Bildgebungssystemen. Das Nachweissystem soll damit hochgradig adaptierbar sein und im Sinne einen 'One Health'-Ansatz einen flexiblen Einsatz sowohl in der Human- und Veterinärgesundheit als auch im Bereich der Lebensmittelsicherheit ermöglichen. Ziel ist die Bereitstellungen von Lösungen, die es erlauben, eine Vielzahl partikulären und nicht-partikulären Kontaminationen im Wasser prozessnah innerhalb einer Stunde zu identifizieren. Dadurch können notwendige Gegenmaßnahmen und weitere Analysen (u.a. Resistenzprofile) koordiniert und überprüft werden.
Das Projekt "Änderungen der Cant Speicherung und Änderungen in den Bildungsraten für Zwischen- Tiefen- und Bodenwasser im globalen Ozean, 1982 - 2015" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hamburg, Fachbereich Erdsystemwissenschaften, Institut für Meereskunde durchgeführt. Die erste Antragsphase war auf die Bildungsraten und die Speicherung von anthropogenem Kohlenstoff (Cant) im Antarktischen Zwischenwasser (AAIW) fokussiert. Mit Hilfe von Freon (CFC) Daten konnten wir eine signifikante Reduktion der AAIW Bildungsrate von den 1990ern zu den 2000ern Jahren feststellen. Dies führte zu einer geringeren Steigerung der Cant Speicherung als vom atmosphärischen Cant Anstieg und einem unveränderten Ozean zu erwarten war. Um den Schwierigkeiten mit den Randbedingungen auszuweichen (Pazifisches AAIW strömt über die Drake Passage auch in den Atlantik und weiter in den Indischen Ozean) planen wir nun ein globales Vorgehen um in allen Ozeanen die Bildungsraten und Cant Speicherungen in den Zwischen- Tiefen- und Bodenwassermassen zu berechnen. Darüber hinaus wird der Zeitraum bis 2015 ausgedehnt, und wo immer die Datenlage es zulässt, Pentaden- anstatt Dekadenmittelwerte gebildet. Verwendet wird der aktualisierte GlODAPv2 Datensatz und eigene Daten.Die Berechnungen aus den Beobachtungen werden mit den Ergebnissen eines wirbelauflösenden globalen Ozeanmodells (1/10 Grad) kombiniert. Das POP Modell (Los Alamos Laboratory Parallel Ocean Program) mit eines horizontalen Auflösung von 0.1 Grad und 42 Tiefenstufen wird für die letzten 20 Jahre mit einem realistischen Forcing angetrieben und enthält außerdem die Freone als Tracer. Neben dem Vergleich mit einem klimatologischen Antrieb wird das Modell zur Weiterentwicklung der Tracer-Methode verwendet wir z.B. die Unsicherheit von zu wenig Datenpunkten und der Extrpolationsroutine auf die Bildungsraten / Cant Speicherungen. Ein weiterer wichtiger Punkt wird die Bestimmung der TTDs aus Lagrange Trajektorien und der Vergleich mit TTDs aus Tracermessungen sein, sowie die Untersuchung der Rolle der Wirbel, der Vermischung durch Wirbel und der vertikalen Vermischung.
Das Projekt "Impact of urbanisation on the allergenicity of birch pollen grains" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Medizin, Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie am Biederstein durchgeführt. Evidence is compelling for a positive correlation between urbanisation and increment of allergic sensitisation and diseases. The reason for this association is not clear to date. Some data point to a pro-allergic effect of anthropogenic factors on susceptible individuals. Data analysing the impact of environmental - natural and anthropogenic - factors on the allergenicity of allergen carriers such as pollen grains are scarce, and if applicable only taken from in vitro experimental designs. This study will analyse one of the most common allergy inducers in northern Europe - the birch pollen. Under natural exposure conditions, birch pollen will be analysed with respect to their allergenicity. Within an interdisciplinary research team this study will evaluate the effect of natural (e.g. soil, climate, genetic background) and anthropogenic (e.g. traffic pollutants) factors on birch pollen in a holistic approach including analysis of allergen bioavailability, release of pollen associated lipid mediators from birch pollen grains, in vitro immunostimulatory activity and in vivo allergenic potential. These data collected in the time course of three years will significantly add to our understanding how urbanisation and climate change influence the allergenicity of birch pollen and will help us in the future to set up primary prevention studies.
Das Projekt "Grüne Logistik - Workshops für kleine und mittlere Unternehmen" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von bifa Umweltinstitut GmbH durchgeführt. bifa wurde vom Bayerischen Staatsministerium für Umwelt und Gesundheit mit der Durchführung des Projekts IPP als Instrument des betrieblichen Klimaschutzes - eine Anleitung insbesondere für kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMU) beauftragt. Im Rahmen dieses Projekts werden u. a. acht Workshops mit Vertretern der Wirtschaft durchgeführt. Der erste Workshop fand bereits im Februar 2010 unter dem Motto Grüne Logistik: Visionen - Chancen - Risiken statt. Es nahmen 13 Unternehmer aus verschiedenen Bereichen der Logistik teil. Nach kurzen Impulsvorträgen zur Integrierten Produktpolitik und Grünen Logistik wurden in drei Arbeitsgruppen Möglichkeiten der Umsetzung von grüner Logistik im eigenen Unternehmen diskutiert und Ansatzpunkte gesucht, wie durch verstärkte Kooperation und Kommunikation die umweltbezogenen Vorteile der grünen gegenüber der normalen Logistik noch weiter ausgeschöpft werden können. Das äußerst heterogene Teilnehmerfeld wurde sehr positiv bewertet. So beschreibt ein Teilnehmer: Da waren ein Unternehmer mit eigenem Fuhrpark, ein kleiner mittelständischer Spediteur, ein großer mittelständischer Spediteur und ich aus der verladenden Wirtschaft. In der abschließenden Diskussion tauchte neben zahlreichen Ansatzpunkten zur Umsetzung immer wieder eine Frage auf: Was ist Green Logistics ? Wie können wir sie messen, was umfasst sie, wer nimmt daran teil und wer bezahlt sie? . Zur Abgrenzung der grünen gegenüber der normalen Logistik müssen Standards geschaffen werden, die den Unternehmen helfen, sich noch intensiver mit Möglichkeiten der Umweltentlastung im Bereich der Logistik auseinanderzusetzen. In einem weiterführenden Workshop im April 2010 setzten sich die Teilnehmer mit diesen Fragestellungen auseinander und erarbeiteten unter dem Titel Grüne Logistik: Standards generieren und umsetzen - aber wie? Vorschläge und Handlungsempfehlungen für die Praxis. Das IPP-Projekt ist für unterschiedliche Wirtschaftszweige von großem Interesse: So wurden weitere Workshops zu Themen wie Reach , Emissionen/ CDM , Bauwirtschaft und Recycling erfolgreich durchgeführt. Methoden: Analyse und Moderation sozialer Prozesse.
Das Projekt "Adaptations and counter-adaptations in the coevolutionary arms race of a baculovirus and its insect host" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Julius Kühn-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Kulturpflanzen, Institut für Biologischen Pflanzenschutz durchgeführt. Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV, Baculoviridae) is one of the most important agents for the control of codling moth (CM, Cydia pomonella, L.) in both biological and integrated pest management. The rapid emergence of resistance against CpGV-M, which was observed in about 40 European CM field populations from 2003 on, could be traced back to a single, dominant, sex-linked gene. Since then, resistance management has been based on mixtures of new CpGV isolates (CpGV-I12, -S), which are able to overcome this resistance. Recently, resistance even to these novel isolates was observed in CM field populations. This resistance does not follow the described dominant, sex-linked inheritance trait. At the same time, another isolate CpGV-V15 was identified showing high virulence against these resistant populations. To elucidate this novel resistance mechanism and to identify the resistance gene(s) involved, we propose a comprehensive analysis of this resistance on the cellular and genomic level of codling moth. Because of the lack of previous knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of virus resistance in insects, several different and complementary approaches will be pursued. This study will not only give an in-depth insight into the genetic possibilities for development of baculovirus resistance in CM field populations and how the virus overcomes it, but can also serve as an important model for other baculovirus-host interaction systems.
Das Projekt "Establishment of Teak plantations for high-value timber production in Ghana" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hamburg, Arbeitsbereich für Weltforstwirtschaft und Institut für Weltforstwirtschaft des Friedrich-Löffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit durchgeführt. Background and Objectives: The project area is located in the Ashanti Region of Ghana / West Africa in the transition zone of the moist semideciduous forest and tropical savannah zone. Main land use in this region is subsistence agriculture with large fallow areas. As an alternative land-use, forest plantations are under development by the Ghanaian wood processing company DuPaul Wood Treatment Ltd. Labourers from the surrounding villages are employed as permanent or casual plantation workers. Within three forest plantation projects of approximately 6,000 ha, DuPaul offers an area of 164 ha (referred to as Papasi Plantation) - which is mainly planted with Teak (Tectona grandis) - for research purposes. In return, the company expects consultations to improve the management for sustainable timber and pole production with exotic and native tree species. Results: In a first research approach, the Papasi Plantation was assessed in terms of vegetation classification, timber resources (in qualitative and quantitative terms) and soil and site conditions. A permanent sampling plot system was established to enable long-term monitoring of stand dynamics including observation of stand response to silvicultural treatments. Site conditions are ideally suited for Teak and some stands show exceptionally good growth performances. However, poor weed management and a lack of fire control and silvicultural management led to high mortality and poor growth performance of some stands, resulting in relative low overall growth averages. In a second step, a social baseline study was carried out in the surrounding villages and identified landowner conflicts between some villagers and DuPaul, which could be one reason for the fire damages. However, the study also revealed a general interest for collaboration in agroforestry on DuPaul land on both sides. Thirdly, a silvicultural management concept was elaborated and an improved integration of the rural population into DuPaul's forest plantation projects is already initiated. If landowner conflicts can be solved, the development of forest plantations can contribute significantly to the economic income of rural households while environmental benefits provide long-term opportunities for sustainable development of the region. Funding: GTZ supported PPP-Measure, Foundation
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