The tiered approach for groundwater risk assessment of plant protection products in Europe (FOCUS) is evaluated to ensure whether this approach also represents and covers German environmental conditions. A comparison between modelled leachate concentrations and actual measurements from outdoor lysimeter studies provide evidence that a reliable and safe prediction of leachate concentrations for most of the 104 investigated substances is ensured when harmonized EU endpoints are used for modelling. Based on examples it is demonstrated that inverse modelling of lysimeter studies cannot be recommended as standard method for higher risk assessment due to its complexity and high uncertainty. Veröffentlicht in Texte | 145/2019.
The European scenario Hamburg used in the tiered approach for groundwater risk assessment of plant protection products in Europe (FOCUS) is evaluated to ascertain whether it also represents and covers German environmental conditions. A German wide analysis using geodata provides evidence that national environmental soil and climate conditions are not suitably covered by the European scenario Hamburg. A national scenario development is scientifically recommended to appropriately protect groundwater against plant protection products in Germany. Model uncertainties and further scientific investigations are critically discussed in this context. Veröffentlicht in Texte | 146/2019.
Das Projekt "Variable speed technology for low heat hydropower systems" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Kassel, Fachbereich 16 - Elektrotechnik,Informatik, Institut für Elektrische Energietechnik, Rationelle Energiewandlung durchgeführt. Objective: Aim is to modify two small hydropower plants to variable speed operation in order to increase annual energy output by improved part load efficiency and design flow. A 100 kW vertical axis Francis turbine (Kaltenburg, DE) and a new 18 kW waterwheel (Bettborn, LU) will be modified to variable speed operation by use of a AC-AC converter. There will be installed a movable free-overfall weir at the waterwheel. By an expected increase of the electricity production in the range of 10 to 20 per cent , the aim is to proof viability of improving existing low head hydro sites with this technology. Especially low head sites have high variation of head and flow. Variable speed technology allows the system to operate at maximum efficiency for a wide range of hydraulic conditions. Modern power electronics replaces complex mechanical control systems with a high need for maintenance. In wind energy, variable speed technology has already proven its advantages compared to other mechanical technologies. General Information: Unlike earlier approaches with a combination of double regulated turbines and variable speed in a new installation, in this project the combination of a Francis turbine (respectively a water wheel) in existing plants together with a frequency converter will be used to increase part load efficiency and design flow of the system. Only the new IGBT controlled converters which are now used in wind energy as well as in motive power industry appliances can guarantee a reliable variable speed operation of a normal asynchronous generator. The combination of the movable weir and variable speed operation of the water wheel will allow to optimise the power output of the plant under all conditions. The use of an IGBT converter makes it possible to compensate reactive power to improve the mains performance. Due to detailed theoretical analysis and according to the positive experience with variable speed operation in wind energy and motive power technology, the expected increase of the annual power output of the two plants is in the range of 10 to 20 per cent of the actual value. This will reduce the specific cost of the electricity by the same range. For the actual payback tariffs of many European countries, this will increase the number of feasible low head sites. The top water level control by variation of turbine speed (and so flow) will be demonstrated to show a simple, reliable and energy saving alternative to the old hydraulic systems, which are still installed in many sites. The success of the variable speed system in this plants will open a big European SME market for cheap technological improvement of small hydropower plants and low head sites. The monitored performance of the plants data will be stored in a data logger with a modem, to allow automatic down-loading from a server-PC via modem. ... Prime Contractor: Universität Kassel, Fachbereich Elektrotechnik/Informatik, Institut für Elektrische Energietechnik - IEE; Kassel; Germany.
Das Projekt "Two'nd generation PFBC cogeneration plant for eastern German lignite" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Stadtwerke Cottbus GmbH durchgeführt. Objective: The aim of this project is to demonstrate efficient and clean Combined Heat and Power (CHP) production from brown coal in a city location, using second generation Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combined-cycle (PFBC) technology. The successful application of PFBC to brown coal in eastern Germany can help ensure the continued use of a domestic source and thus long term stability and security of fuel supply. Experience gained in this PFBC project can be used as a basis for further applications in all EC 'coal countries'. After the demonstration it is also planned to transfer this technology into the CHP market world-wide, with special emphasis on use in populated areas and for rehabilitation of old, polluting power plants. General Information: Stadtwerke Cottbus GmbH operates in the immediate vicinity of the city of Cottbus a CHP plant which supplies the city of Cottbus with electricity and with steam for district heating purposes. The maximum electrical output is 48 MWe, and the maximum district heat output is 230 MW. In addition, Stadtwerke Cottbus purchases hot water for district heating purposes from the Jaenschwalde power plant, situated 9 km from Cottbus and owned by Vereinigte Energiewerke AG (VEAG). The Stadtwerke Cottbus CHP plant currently has four conventional, dry-ash-removal, grate fired steam boilers, equipped with exhaust gas cleaning systems for dust, but with no measures taken to reduce other pollutants such as sulphur and nitrogen oxides. In order to meet new, stricter environmental requirements, the facility urgently needs to be upgraded. After a thorough study, it was found that the best alternative would be to replace the existing equipment with a new, modern, efficient P200 PFBC plant with excellent environmental performance, and to supplement this with two natural gas fired boilers for peak load district heating, while retaining also hot water supply from the Jaenschwalde power plant. Compared to the P200 PFBC plants which have already been built in Sweden, Spain, U.S.A. and Japan, the Cottbus PFBC plant represents second generation PFBC technology. Especially, freeboard firing, i.e., the firing of additional fuel in the region above the fluidized bed, will be used for the first time. The purpose for this is to maintain a high temperature in the flue gas stream also at part load conditions, to improve desulfurization, and to reduce nitrogen oxides formation. In addition, the electrical output from the plant will be enhanced, as a result of the higher temperature at the inlet to the gas turbine expander section of the GT35P machine which drives the air compressors of the PFBC boiler and also generates about 20 per cent of the electricity produced in the plant. Coal feed and ash removal systems will be adapted, as needed, for the brown coal application and non catalytic techniques (SNCR) for reducing of nitrogen oxides will be applied. ... Prime Contractor: Stadtwerke Cottbus GmbH; Cottbus; Germany.
Das Projekt "Projekt 'Mikro-Depot Altona': Umsetzung eines Multi-User Mikro-Depots in der Mitte Altona" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, Behörde für Wirtschaft und Innovation, Amt I Hafen und Innovation durchgeführt. Die urbane Logistik wird derzeit primär von konventionellen großen Lieferfahrzeugen mit Verbrennungsmotoren durchgeführt, wodurch u.a. Staus und Luftverschmutzung verursacht werden. An diesem Punkt setzt das Projekt 'Mikro-Depot Mitte Altona' an. Die Anzahl an konventionellen Fahrzeugen mit fossilen Brennstoffen soll verringert, die Luftverschmutzung reduziert und die Aufenthaltsqualität im Quartier und seiner Umgebung gesteigert werden. Mehrere heterogene Nutzer erproben parallel die die praktische Nutzung einer Leichtbauhalle als Mikro-Depot und liefern auf lokal emissionsfreien alternativen Transportmitteln wie Lastenrädern Pakete, Stückgüter und sonstige Waren aus. Das Neubauquartier 'Mitte Altona' wurde als autoarmes Quartier konzipiert und gilt außerdem als 'ästhetisch anspruchsvoll'. Der gegenüberliegende Park Mitte Altona wurde 2021 mit dem deutschen Landschaftsarchitektur-Preis in der Kategorie Wohnumfeld ausgezeichnet. Entsprechend wird nicht nur die Funktionalität getestet, auch die städtebauliche Gestaltung wird erprobt.
Das Projekt "Variable compression ratio for CO2-reduction of gasoline engine" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von FEV Motorentechnik GmbH durchgeführt. Objective: With increasing CO2-emissions and reducing oil resources fuel economy improvement of passenger car S.I. engines has become a major issue. A promising approach is the reduction of pumping and friction losses by shifting the operation point t o lower engine speed/higher load by engine down sizing. This requires small supercharged engines with a high specific power (kW/litre). To improve part load efficiency and to avoid full load knocking these engines must have a Variable Compression Ratio (VCR). A down-sized, highly boosted engine with variable compression ratio has a 30 percent fuel saving potential compared to a model year 1998 vehicle an d has simultaneously low exhaust emission levels as 'a=1.0-concept' with the well developed TWC technology. The goal of this project is to demonstrate these benefits through single-cylinder investigations with different VCR mechanisms as well as multi-cylinder test bench and in-vehicle investigations. As a final output, the industrial feasibility and the costs of such an engine concept shall be demonstrated. Prime Contractor: FEV Motorentechnik GmbH & Co. KG; Aachen; Germany.
Das Projekt "Teilprojekt 4" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Innovatherm Gesellschaft zur innovativen Nutzung von Brennstoffen mbH durchgeführt. Mit der Technologie können alle phosphorhaltigen Einsatzstoffe verwertet werden. In der Pilotanlage im halbtechnischen Maßstab wird die Verwertung von Klärschlammasche getestet. Es ist insbesondere zu untersuchen, wie die Asche zu Stückgut gebunden und verdichtet werden kann. Ferner wird das Prozessverhalten im Schachtofen analysiert, sowie die alternative Bewirtschaftung mit und ohne Synthesegaserzeugung geklärt. Die Qualität der Ein- und Ausgangsstoffe wird mit dem Analytikprogramm dokumentiert und die verfahrenstechnischen Messdaten bilanziert. Die Ziele sind: - Nachgewiesene Funktions- und Praxistauglichkeit der Technologie für die Verwertung von Klärschlammaschen - Bestätigte Eignung des Verfahrens für die spätere Verwertung monodeponierter Klärschlammaschen aus der Monoverbrennung. Die Arbeitsschwerpunkte sind: - Funktionsnachweis der Verarbeitung von Klärschlamm-Aschen verschiedener Zusammensetzung mit den Teilprozessen Brikettierung der Aschen und anschließende Schmelzvergasung in der Pilotanlage - Klärung der rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen für die Verwertung weiterer Stoffe wie z.B. Tier- und Knochenmehl.
Das Projekt "Water circuit optimisation to reduce the specific effluent volumes and solids losses in the production of specialty papers" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Papiertechnische Stiftung München durchgeführt. Background / Problem area: Taking a look at individual grades and product groups shows that in the year 2004 the highest specific effluent volumes in the German paper industry occurred in the production of specialty papers. The absolute amounts of effluents and their variation limits clearly indicate optimisation potentials among the producers of specialty papers. This assumption is supported by specific values obtained through surveys. Due to the use of special and partly expensive raw materials for specialty papers, the narrowing of water circuits and the reduction of solids losses into the waste water opens up sizable saving potentials. Objective / Research results: The project aims at reducing the effluent volumes whilst increasing the raw materials utilization in the production of specialty papers through the optimisation of water circuits. The production processes of four specialty paper facilities were characterised by determination of analytical parameters, flows of fresh-, circuit- and waste water and further production related data. The evaluation was conducted by means of tools worked out in former projects. With the help of simulation models the consequences of circuit narrowing on the loading of water circuits were determined. Action plans for the reduction of solids losses, fresh water consumption and for the load relief of paper machines were presented to the mills. Numerous optimisation measures could be proposed for all mills examined in the project. In one mill, for instance, it could be shown that it is possible to durably reduce the specific effluent volume by about 35 percent. Regarding solids losses a permanent reduction of 15 to 20 percent can be achieved. All in all reduction potentials between 40 percent and 64 percent were identified for specific effluent volumes. The savings potential for solids losses was in the range of 21 percent and 84 percent. In order to reduce solids losses, it is essential to avoid undesigned overflow of chests and ensure a good quality of the clarified water. For the relief of save alls and improvement of clear water quality a design arrangement was worked out where water flows with high solids loads are held back in the constant part. Target values were defined for the amounts of solids lost at cleaners and through overflowing clarified water. It could be confirmed that the K-value theory, which was set up for other paper grades, is applicable to the production of specialty papers as well. The same is true for the volume analysis, which evaluates buffer volumes. Finally the results of the research project presented here were combined with those of the research projects AiF 9584 (recovered fibre), AiF 10860 (wood containing) and AiF 13093-N (wood free). The applicability of the developed examination and evaluation tools was compared, and target values of different paper grades were set against each other. usw.
Das Projekt "D 7: Research for improved fish nutrition and fish health in upland aquaculture systems in Yen Chau, Son La Province, Northern Vietnam" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Tierproduktion in den Tropen und Subtropen (480), Fachgebiet Aquakultur-Systeme und Tierernährung in den Tropen und Subtropen (490i) durchgeführt. Background: Aquaculture significantly contributes to protein supply and cash income of Black Thai farmers in Yen Chau, Son La province, Northern Vietnam. Fish is produced for cash income (2/3rd) and subsistence (1/3rd) while self recruiting species (small fish, crustaceans and molluscs) provide additional protein for home consumption. The current aquaculture system is a polyculture of the macroherbivorous grass carp as main species together with 3-5 other non-herbivorous fish species like Common Carp, Silver Carp, Bighead Carp, Mud Carp, Silver Barb and Nile Tilapia. With a rearing period of 21 months, the productivity of the aquaculture system amounts to 1.54 +- 0.33 t ha-1 a-1 and can be characterized as low. Nearly each household has at least one pond, which serves multiple purposes and is operated as a flow-through-system. The steady water flow is advantageous for the culture of grass carp, but causes a continuous loss of nutrients and high turbidity and thereby limits the development of phytoplankton and zooplankton which are natural food for non-herbivorous species. The farmers are using mainly green leaves (banana, bamboo, cassava, maize and grass) and crop residues (rice bran, rice husk, cassava root peel, distillery residue) as feed input, which is available to Grass Carp while non-herbivorous fish species are not fed specifically. Manure is used as fertilizer. The uneaten parts of fed plants are sometimes accumulating in the pond over several years, resulting in heavy loads of organic matter causing oxygen depletion. Anaerobic sediment and water layers limit the development of zoobenthos and may provide a habitat for anaerobe disease agents. Since 2003 an unknown disease condition has been threatening Grass Carp production and is having a major economic impact on the earnings from fish farming in Yen Chau region. Other fish in the same ponds are not affected. Especially in March-April and in September-October the disease is causing high morbidity and mortalities of Grass Carp in affected ponds and is thereby decreasing the dietary protein supply and income generation of Black Thai farmers. Little is known about the definition or aetiology of the disease condition.
Das Projekt "CaRL-Seagate - Cargo Rail Lines - Phase I: Machbarkeitsuntersuchung" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von CC-Logistik GmbH & Co. KG durchgeführt. 1. Vorhabenziel CaRL-Seagate stellt für das Transportsegment Stückgut und Systemverkehre ein innovatives Zugsystem für den Hafenhinterlandverkehr bereit. Ziel des Vorhabens ist es, das Zugsystem in die logistischen Prozesse im Hafen einzubinden, einen effizienten Ablauf des Zugverkehrs unter Nutzng von angepassten IT-Sytemen und Schnellumschlagsanlagen zu gewährleisten. Aufgrund der günstigen Angebotsbedingungen werden mit CaRL-Seagate nennenswerte Transportmengen vom Lkw auf die Schiene verlagert. In der hier beantragten Phase I wird die Marktfähigkiet von CaRL-Seagate sowie das Verwertungspotential untersucht. 2. Arbeitsplanung Die Arbeiten gliedern sich in verschiedene, zusammenhängende Arbeitspakete. Die Phase I widmet sich dem Businessplan und den Marktchanchen. Auf basis der positiven wirtschaftlichen Prognosen wird ein Geschäftsmodell erstellt. Die Transportpotential, die Analyse der typischen Transportketten im Hafen selbst und im Hinterlandverkehr sowie die Standorteigenschaften und -entwicklung sind wichtige Komponenten von CaRL-Seagate. In Fachgesprächen sowie durch Nutzung von Analysetools soll untersucht werden, inwieweit diese Komponenten mit den Nutzeranforderungen zur Deckung gebracht werden. Dazu zählt auch die Untersuchung der Verfügbarkeit von Zugtrassen. Weiterhin werden bisher entwickelte Systeme auf Stärken und Schwächen untersucht, um die Erfahrungen der Vergangenheit zu nutzen und für das CaRL-System die besten Marktvoraussetzungen zu schaffen.
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