Das SeEiS-Forschungsvorhaben zielt auf die Weiterentwicklung der bislang angewandten Methodik zur Emissionsbilanzierung der im deutschen Stromsektor eingesetzten erneuerbaren Energieträger ab. Im Hinblick auf die zunehmende Vernetzung des europäischen Strommarkts sollen zukünftig auch die Effekte des deutschen Stromaußenhandels bei der Emissionsbilanz adäquat Berücksichtigung finden. Hierfür werden die europaweit vermiedenen Erzeugungsmengen aus konventionellen Kraftwerken modellgestützt quantifiziert, welche in den Jahren 2013 bis 2018 durch die Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energieträgern in Deutschland substituiert wurden. Der vorliegende Abschlussbericht stellt die Ergebnisse sowie die Vorgehensweise und die verwendete Datengrundlage im SeEiS-Projekt vor. Quelle: Forschungsbericht
Das Projekt "Use of a new type of anthracite curner and boiler in a power station" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Sophia-Jacoba GmbH, Steinkohlenbergwerk durchgeführt. Objective: To demonstrate the use of an innovative, low pollutant burner of low volability anthracite, in a power station, in combination with a boiler system linked to a coal mine, thus solving the problems of mineral oil substitutes, use of low volability coal, SO2 separation, nitrogen removal, adjustability and economy. General Information: The burner design, divided into pre-burner and main burner, means that the ignition and burning of the coal dust can be maintained without brick-lined burner walls and heated combustion air. Due to the type of air passage and course of combustion, the combusted ash is drawn off dry; the boiler can be dimensioned without the need to take waste gas loading into account. The direction of the air and combustion allows 'the cold' combustion with low NOx concentrations. By the addition of lime dust, waste gases are desulphurised in the burner. After grinding to dust, fine coal is passed from storage silos to 7 burners then passed for pre-burning where it is ignited using propane gas; this is gradually decreased (after warming the pre -burner) as the coal dust passes in. This, then, continues to burn by recirculation of hot exhaust gases and continuous glowing coal-dust residue at the end of the pre -burner/start of the main burner. Air supply is via nozzles at the end of the burner which allows combustion control, termination and separation of air particles for easy disposal. To reduce SO2, lime dust is added in the main burner. Waste gas is filtered prior to emission to the atmosphere. The advantage of low-volability coals are: - easier storage (fewer volatile components); - easier transport by road, without need for special measures; - no danger from explosion since anthracite dust is not self -igniting, and there is no risk to groundwater. It is comparable to gas or oil-fired systems from the viewpoint of handling, storage and burning. Achievements: The burners were able to ignite and burn low volatile coal in the combustion chambers of this unit, however, an operation of the boiler was not possible. Reasons were the temperature level, flow behaviour, heat expansion and instabilities of the feed water flow. Thus the project failed. The calculation of expected and actual simple payback was originally based on a comparison with oil burning installations. Based on today's oil price a re-evaluation does not turn out favourable for coal. Furthermore, a realistic comparison cannot be conducted due to the defective boiler.
Das Projekt "Verbesserung der Qualitaet von Biogas mit dem Ziel der Erhoehung seines Heizwertes auf Heizgasstandard" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart, Tiefbauamt durchgeführt. Objective: To construct a plant for the purification of biogas produced in a sewage treatment plant and to upgrade its calorific value. A projected 10 000 m3 of biogas will be processed daily. General Information: The biogas, which contains a high percentage of CO2, has a calorific value of 7.45 Kwh/m3. In addition, for final use H2S should be eliminated from the biogas. In order to reach the prescribed calorific value of 11.2 Kwh/m3 it may be necessary to add some hydrocarbons such as propane. The CO2 and H2S are removed in a regenerative alcanolamin process (MEA) for which the required steam of the MEA-lye is obtained from the sludge incineration plant. The condensate is conveyed back to the boiler on the sludge incineration plant. For purification the sewage gas has to go through the following process: - removal of CO2 and H2S by means of regenerative alcanolamine scrubbing; - drying, compression and absorption on activated aluminium oxide; - analysis of the CO2 content and dew point of the purified gas; - odorization with a pungent substance added by metering pump; - conditioning of the purified gas with LPG, to comply with the prescribed calorific value for fuel gas. Achievements: Experimental operation of the plant carried out from 5/9 to 11/9/1985 with the agreement of the Public Works Department and the City Gas Company was successfully completed. During this period approx. 40000 m3 purified sewage gas of natural gas quality were fed into the city's mains gas supply. The plant was thus deemed to be accepted and was transferred to the authority of the Public Works Department on 12/9/1985. Output Data of the plant were the following: Crude gas approx. 606 Nm3/h CO2 approx. 36 - 38 per cent vol. H2S approx. 270 - 320 mg/Nm3 N2 + 02 approx. 0.6 - 1.8 per cent vol. t approx. 20 deg. C. Purified gas max. 369 Nm3/h min. 128 Nm3/h. From commissioning in September 1985 until the end of 1988 3.8 million m3 of purified gas have been produced. This is equivalent to 3.7 million litres or 3.2 million kg of heating oil. The guaranteed performance of the plant is exceeded and the consumption of operating materials falls below the stated values. Despite increased output the guaranteed composition of purified gas is below the required levels. Operating costs of the main sewage plant are slightly reduced by sewage gas processing.
Das Projekt "Verbrennung von Kohle fuer das Brennen von Ziegelsteinen" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Gebrüder Löhlein Ziegelwerke durchgeführt. Objective: To convert a brick kiln fired with heavy oil to coal firing and to examine the effects of the burning of coal on the specific heat consumption, the quality of the product and the occurring ashes. On the basis of preliminary examinations on other kilns, an energy saving of more than 55 per cent is anticipated compared with oil-firing. General Information: The brick tunnel kiln to be converted to coal firing is to be equipped with an intermittent coal firing facility and tested. For this purpose, the necessary coal preparation facilities (feed bunker, transport systems, hammer mill, daily bunker and coal stokers at the blowing in points) and the special burner systems are to be developed and adapted to suit the specified tunnel kiln. The overall system will then be tested and, if necessary, modified depending on the product quality. Finally, the operating efficiency of the coal firing facility is to be tested during a longer demonstration operation period. The concept for the coal firing facility was based on the use and testing or different types of coal with various grain sizes to be able to optimize the requirements on coal quality and grain size both for separation and charging. The driest possible fine coal with a grain size of 0 - 6 mm is necessary for the blowing device. The erected preparation facilities comprise a feed bunker, from which the rough coal is conveyed to the hammer mill via a dispatch belt. After being ground to the necessary grain size, the fine coal is transported by pipe chain conveyers to the dosing appliances on the tunnel kiln in the form of coal stockers. They intermittently charge a coal-air mixture into the combustion planes of the kiln through lateral slits via so-called guide tubes. The ends of the tubes, which are fitted with baffle plates, protrude into the combustion channel. They are incandescent (hot bulb ignition) and cause the ignition of the mixture. Charging is effected in a 30-second rhythm alternating with every fourth row of the burner tubes. In the cases of intermittent charging, the coal-air mixture is pressed against the baffle plate with a high pressure and passes into the furnace area via the lateral slits in the incandescent tubes. Combustion is almost explosive. The intermittent control of the air feed is effected by a central closed-loop control facility via solenoid valves. Achievements: In a 26 week operation period, a mean fuel consumption of 1500 kJ/kg of fired bricks including drying was achieved. This corresponds to an energy saving of about 42 per cent when compared to operation with heavy heating oil. Although the target was not achieved, a considerable saving quota was realized. In the meantime, the facility has been demonstrated to several hundred interested parties from the brick industry and has therefore made an important contribution to the necessary spread of the experience and information gained in the course of this project.
Das Projekt "Gas-fuelled rapid heating furnace" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Gaswärme-Institut e.V. durchgeführt. Objective: To demonstrate the feasibility of reducing energy consumption in the reheating of forgings and to improve forging quality by the replacement of electric and conventional gas-fired furnaces, by a new gas-fuelled rapid heating furnace incorporating and combining known technical features: these will considerably reduce energy consumption and advance the engineering design of conventional gas-fired reheating furnaces. General Information: Rapid heating furnaces are often installed in forging shops to treat small forgings. It is important to heat the forging rapidly and evenly and to minimize scale formation. The object of this research is to produce a micro-structure to eliminate the need for further heat treatment. The advantage of an inductive, over a conventional gas-fuelled furnace is the low level of scale formation due to the brief furnace dwell time. On the other hand, inductive furnaces are operated by a secondary source of energy (electricity) and are therefore expensive to operate. In addition, temperature distribution in a charge heated by a conventional furnace is unsatisfactory. The furnace to be designed, installed and operated for the project is a gas fuelled rapid heating installation using natural gas as the primary energy source. Charge heating will be in 3 zones (soaking, heating-up and preheating) to reheat the charge. As in the case of pusher type furnaces, charge and atmosphere movement will be counter current. In order to minimize scale formation, the soaking zone will be fired in the fuel-rich mode, while the heating-up zone will be fuelled by a fuel-lean gas and air mixture, burning uncombusted gases from the soaking zone. Staged combustion minimizes NO output and environmental impact. Fuel-rich soaking zone operation necessitates tests to establish combustion air preheat temperature, the acceptability of the fuel/air system with respect to sooting and safety aspects associated with CO formation. Forgings will be charged in transverse mode and a recuperator incorporated in the furnace for combustion air preheating: the furnace control system will feature high precision fuel/air ration controllers for heating-up and soaking zones. Each controller is capable of maintaining an air factor of between 0.5 and 1.5 to allow exact adjustment of the fuel/air ratio and to minimize scaling. An optical control system monitors the temperature of the charge leaving the furnace. Fuel gas flow is adjusted by temperature controller as a function of the difference between temperature as measured by the optical system and set point temperature. When fuel gas flow is adjusted, combustion air flow will also be adjusted by the fuel/air ratio control system. A shop function is also incorporated in the furnace control system: this is capable of lowering gas flow to between to 10-30 per cent of rated flow. For this purpose the control system will immediately reduce gas flow if furnace operation is switched to idle mode. Simultaneously...
Das Projekt "Automated measuring system for waste from dismantling of the KKN plant, to be released" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von NIS Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH durchgeführt. Objective: an important task in the decommissioning of nuclear installations is the proof of the very low radioactivity levels, allowing for free release of the generated waste. This proof involves long measuring times on a great number of representative samples out of important masses of metal structures and concrete, and considerable radiation exposure of the measuring staff. The main objective of the present research is the development, construction and large-scale testing of a prototype for an automatic measuring system, appropriate to treat important masses of waste, with low-level activities and different nuclide compositions and shapes. It is expected to minimise human errors by automatic operation. The measuring system will be designed as a mobile unit, with a modular structure allowing for a general purpose application to lwr typical waste arising, at different decommissioning sites. The practical testing will be done a total mass of 1000 mg in the framework of the kkn decommissioning. The study will be completed by a conclusive assessment of the merits of the developed measuring system for large-scale operation. General information: b.1.conceptual studies for the definition of the requirements for a measuring system, including assessment of existing low-level activity measuring techniques, definition of the types of waste to be treated, and health physics protection considerations. B.2. Preparation of a design of the complete measuring system, including detectors, control and transport system, general purpose software for measuring data processing, followed by a call for tenders and the choice of manufactures. B.3. Preparation of a licensing dossier for experimental operation of the measuring system programme. In the framework of the decommissioning of kkn. B.4. Execution of a large-scale test programme. B.5.conclusive assessment of the appropriateness of the developed measuring system, considering technical and economic aspects. Achievements: the dismantling of nuclear facilities requires proof that the radioactivity levels of materials to be released from restricted areas remain below low limiting values. Up till now, decisive measurements have been almost impossible on parts and material with complex geometries. In order to keep measurement costs low, a device has been developed which uses a fast automatic procedure to examine large amounts of dismantled and potentially contaminating components. The device measures the gross gamma-radiation which has a higher penetrating capacity into the material than beta radiation. The measuring tunnel is 1.2 m broad and 1.2 m high. Parts to be measured can be up to 4 m long and weigh 1 tonne. Analysis of measurements has shown that the specified minimal detectable activity level of 1000 bq cobalt-60 can be achieved, even with steel shielding of 2 cm thickness.
Das Projekt "Use of rape as domestic and engine fuel substitute, fertiliser and cattle feed" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Gesellschaft für Entwicklungstechnologie durchgeführt. Objective: To use rape oil and straw as a substitute for diesel fuel for domestic and drying requirements, as fertiliser and a cattle feed. General Information: This project uses the rape produced from an area of 40 ha. Rape straw (150 to 200 t/y) will be pelletized and/or briquetted to obtain a fuel usable in an automatic loading combustion plant. The rape oil (4,000 l) obtained by a double screwpress will be used to fuel two different engines. After purification some will be used in a modified tractor engine, the remainder, after ethyl/methyl esterification, in a conventional diesel engine. Residual straw (30 to 200 t) will be ploughed-in for soil improvement while the high oil content (70 to 75 t) rape cake will be used as cattle feed. The oil extraction is made by use of a double screw press from Monforts + Reiners Co. The press is fed directly from the seed store. The oil flows with the pressing temperature of 60 deg. C. to settling tanks. The residues are passed back to the filling funnels. The oil passing through a 10 mu filter and is stored in the filling station for later use, either directly in the rape-oil tractor, or for transesterification. The rape meal (expeller cake) is automatically transported to a silo which is cleared regularly by the transporter of the animal feed mill. A small scale transesterification unit is being developed for on-farm operation. The use of new kinds of catalysts with long duration stability and a high degree of automatic operation and control of process parameters allows for operation of the chemical process by agrotechnologists without a special formation. The unit is designed for optimum process performance, high product quality, minimum energy requirements and high reliability of the equipment. The preceeding transesterification for the free acids with an acidic catalysts is continuous and is double batch for the basic catalytic step for transesterification of the triglycerides. A separation and wash-out step guarantees the quality of the final products: methylester as diesel fuel and glycerol for the chemical industry. The straw-pelletizer unit consists of a chipping unit which reduces the straw-bales into 2 to 5 cm long stalks. These are intermediately stored in a buffer from where they are transferred by a screw-conveyor to the pelletizer, which operates with dentate matrix and rollers. The high-density pellets are fed to a cooler and conveyed to a silo. The electric energy for the unit is generated by a methylester fuelled diesel-generator set.
Das Projekt "Recovery of process heat from the combustion of oxygen-containing solvents in package lacquer driers" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Heinrich Neitz GmbH Industrieöfen durchgeführt. Objective: Reduction of energy costs in drying of packing varnishes through a recovery of process heat from the combustion of recovered solvents and its utilization for heating the drier plant. The calculated energy savings are assumed to amount to approx. 4500000 kW/year. General Information: The innovative technology consists of a combination of individual technological solutions. These include the condensation of solvents, the drying of packing varnish, thermal post-combustion of the exhaust air from the plant (which is rich in carbohydrates), heating of this port-combustion system by using the solvent condensate as fuel, and the utilization of the resulting energy (i.e., pure exhaust air exhibiting a very high temperature) as process heat for drying of packing varnish. Overall plant structure: Evaporation section with heat exchanger and vacuum extraction system; Measuring device for monitoring the solvent concentration; Condensation system for recovery of incoming solvents; Preheating zone with heat exchanger and extraction system; Daking section with heat exchanger and extraction system; Post-combustion system for generating process heat through combustion of the recovered solvents; Cooling section; Air recirculation system between the different sections. This combination of system components causes the exhaust air volume (and hence, the total carbohydrate release rate) to be drastically reduced. The investment cost of this combine plant is about twice as high as that of a conventional system. On the other hand, the total annual energy generating cost for a conventional plant exceeds that of the combined plant by a factor of 1.5. This means that the combined system achieves cost savings between DM 150000 and DM 180000 per year. Assuming that the proceeds from a conventional systems and the combination plant are the same, the capital recovery from a plant of the type envisaged in the project is markedly higher (due to the lower total cost), which considerably shortens the period of amortization. Achievements: The technical and chemical feasibility of the project described in the application could be demonstrated with the conclusion of the design phase. A number of aspects have arisen, however, which may turn the project into a financial failure on the current level of information. One of these facors is the draft of the Accident Prevention Rules for Lacquer Driers (VBG 24) of March 1988, which calls for a considerable reduction in admissible solvent concentrations compared to the older version of these Accident Prevention Rules. With these new, reduced solvent concentrations, the recovery of solvents through condensation is no longer an economically viable proposal. Moreover, the Ministry of the Environment expects the packaging industry to make increasing use of low-solvent lacquers. Renowned packaging manufacturers are already using low-solvent or water soluble varnishes. Plants designed for such applications have already been...
Das Projekt "Teilprojekt 2: Berghof Filtrations- und Anlagentechnik GmbH und Co. KG" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Berghof Filtrations- und Anlagentechnik durchgeführt. Ziel ist die Entwicklung von Schlichtemitteln auf der Basis des nachwachsenden Rohstoffs Chitosan fuer die textile Fertigung von Geweben. Diese haben das grosse Potential die bisher eingesetzten synthetischen Schlichtemittel zu substituieren, die entweder nicht oder nur unter bestimmten Bedingungen biologisch abbaubar sind und daher an den Klaerschlamm gebunden, anschliessend deponiert oder thermisch entsorgt werden muessen. Diese Ziele werden in einem interdisziplinaeren Verbund aus Forschungsinstituten, Schlichtemittelhersteller, Anlagenbauer fuer das Recycling und Textilherstellern bearbeitet und sollen durch intensive Forschungs- und Entwicklungsarbeit in der gezielten Modifikation des Chitosans fuer diese Anforderungen erreicht werden. Schlichtemittel auf der Basis von Chitosan eroeffnen neue und umweltfreundliche Wege: - Sie sind leicht biologisch abbaubar. - Sie sollen Recyclierfaehigkeit sein. - Fuer innovative textile Artikel verbleiben diese neuen Schlichtemittel nach dem Weben auf dem Gewebe und geben dem Endprodukt neue Funktionen (z.B. antibakteriell, fungizid, wundheilend, dosierte Wirkstoffabgabe, Feuchtigkeit bindend).
Das Projekt "330 MWE power plant with pressurized fluidized bed combustion and combined cycle gas and steam turbine (Design Stage)" wird vom Umweltbundesamt gefördert und von Dawid-Saar durchgeführt. Objective: To design a 330 MWe demonstration power plant with pressurised fluidised bed combustion and combined cycle of gas and steam turbine. General Information: The project involves the complete design of a demonstration power plant, characterized by: - the combination of a pressurized fluidised bed firing system with a steam generator directly connected, a multi-shaft gas turbine plant and waste heat utilisation systems arranged downstream and integrated into the steam circuit for an electric power output of a total of approximately 330 MW. - very compact construction by means of a high pressure stage (16 bar) and housing of particularly critical heat-exposed components such as firing system, dust separator etc. in a spherical pressure containment. In addition to the recognized advantages of the fluidised bed firing system, such as: - considerable improvement of the emission characteristics due to the binding of noxious matter to a large extent - especially of SO2 - by the addition of absorbent directly into the fluidised bed, - drastically reduced nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide formation as a result of low combustion temperatures and controlled combustion reaction. Further considerable advantages can be expected because of the complete plant design conceived in this case compared with conventional technology due to: - a marked increase in the degree of conversion of primary energy into electrical energy as compared with the usual hard coal fired power station with flue gas desulphurization plants from previously 38,6 per cent to 41,2 per cent, related to plant net power. - a reduction of the investment costs by 10-15 per cent with a simultaneously considerably reduced space requirement, a fact which is due in particular to the absence of flue gas desulphurization. - a considerable expansion of the fuel spectrum to include qualities containing large amounts of inerts and noxious matters (i.e. especially sulphur). - simple construction for flexible separation of heat. - significantly more compact design than AFBC. The total cost of the design phase, represented by this project, amounts to DM 10 million for which a 40 per cent subsidy has been granted.
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